back there again

Hayang 하양 is a town located on the eastern outskirts of Daegu, and when you take the newly opened subway east, you will arrive at its terminal station, Hayang Station 하양역. A Buddhist temple named Hwanseongsa 환성사 環城寺 is located about an hour’s walk from Hayang Station. After getting off at the station, you keep walking westward, leave the town, cross a mountain pass along a paved mountain road, and continue on for a while until you reach the temple situated on the mountainside deep inside a valley. Padyatri visited again after a long time.

It is said that the temple was named Hwanseongsa because the surrounding mountains encircled it like a fortress. It was first established in 835 and later burned down during the Goryeo period. After being rebuilt in 1635, it underwent multiple restorations up to the present due to the nature of its wooden structure. This temple is located not on the usual flat land or narrow mountain slope where ancient Korean temples were typically established, but on a wide open mountainside with a gentle incline. This little-known temple is one of the most peaceful and cozy places padyatri has ever visited.

When you arrive at the entrance of Hwanseongsa, Iljumun 일주문 一柱門 stands at the front. Iljumun is a gate that marks the outermost boundary of a temple. It is named for its distinctive structure, in which two or four pillars are set up in a single row rather than in a square, with a roof placed on top. The original gate had been burned down, leaving only four stone pillars, but it was restored in 2005. The left side shows the photo before restoration. Of the four stone pillars, the leftmost and rightmost are square, while the two in the middle are octagonal. Some say this represents the Buddha’s teachings: the Four Noble Truths 사성제 四聖諦 and the Eightfold Path 팔정도 八正道.

If you go up past the gate, you can look up and see Suwolgwan 수월관 水月觀, the pavilion, which was built in the 17th century. It means the moon reflected on the water, which symbolizes an illusion that disappears without having any real substance. Through this, a seeker learns the teaching that all phenomena in the world lack inherent existence, and that one must abandon attachment. As another story passed down in the temple's legend, when Suwolhwan was built, a large pond was present. The moon reflected in this pond was so beautiful that the pavilion was named Suwolhwan. The large pond that existed at that time has since disappeared. Instead, a small pond has been newly created on the right side of the path leading up to Suwolhwan.

Visitors proceed under Suwolgwan and climb the stone stairs directly ahead, reaching the courtyard in front of the Daeungjeon 대웅전 大雄殿, the main building of the temple, which features a Buddha statue in the center and bodhisattva statues seated on either side. The front courtyard is centered around a three-story stone pagoda, with the Daeungjeon standing at the highest point directly ahead, and the other temple buildings arranged in a quadrangular layout below it.

The view looking down from Suwolhwan toward the entrance, and the scene below it. Each of the foundation stones has a different shape. 

Perhaps because it was a weekday, it was even quieter, and only one or two visitors appeared from time to time. A monk was leisurely sweeping the fallen leaves in the courtyard.

more fulfilling

It has been one year since the onset of acute prostatitis. After taking tamsulosin, finasteride, and fluoroquinolones for several months, the symptoms improved significantly. Urination frequency has returned to normal, and padyatri no longer feels any discomfort in daily life.

However, about six months after taking the medication, the frequency of urination gradually began to increase, and he also started waking up more often at night to go to the bathroom. Around that time, he thought carefully about whether he should keep taking the medication, and he learned that tomatoes are good for the prostate. He also looked up foods that can be harmful to the prostate. 

After taking a health supplement containing lycopene, an antioxidant in tomatoes that benefits the prostate, together with prescription medication for a week, he noticed a difference in efficacy before and after, and decided to stop the prescription medication. 

He also stopped consuming dairy products, which may be harmful to the prostate, and replaced them with black soybean milk, and ate a lot of cabbage salad, generously topped with tomato ketchup. Although it was a bit disappointing to give up dairy products he had eaten all his life, especially his favorite fermented cheeses like Emmental, it wasn’t tough. He originally didn’t drink alcohol or coffee, didn’t smoke, and didn’t eat meat except for fish, which has likely helped maintain his prostate health. He also reduced his cycling time by a third. 

As a result, he has been able to maintain prostate health for five months without medication.

The healthiest state is when you don’t even notice your body. If you free yourself from greed and attachment and live without suffering, what could be more fulfilling than that?

deep within the valley

At the tail end of autumn, for the first time in almost two years, padyatri made a loop around a remote area on the eastern outskirts of Gayasan National Park 가야산 국립공원. It was a bit chilly, but the pleasantly cool autumn weather made it a great day for cycling. Because this area is rural and the harvest season was almost over, mud spilled by passing farm machinery had dried and stuck to various parts of the paved road. Every time a car passed, it kicked up a cloud of dust. At this time of year, the hard part of cycling on country roads is breathing in dust whenever a car passes.

Starting from the Unsu-myeon 운수면 township office parking lot, heading north, you’ll soon reach a stream you have to cross, and in the distance, Mt. Gayasan comes into view. A three-story stone stupa is located on the road leading to Jageun-ri 작은리 鵲隱里, standing on the site of a former Silla-period temple.

Jageun-ri, a small village nestled deep in the mountains, is made up of several small hamlets. Jageun 작은 means 'small' in Korean, but here it means a place where magpies hide—that is, Magpie Hidden Village. The apple orchards around the village sit just below the mountain summit at the very end of the valley. Whenever padyatri came to a remote area like this, he always wondered how the people living in such mountain villages made their living, because there was hardly any land suitable for farming. But that curiosity was resolved when he saw the apple orchards scattered around. He realized that apples are the specialty product of Jageun-ri.

A Catholic chapel(mission station, 공소) is located next to an elementary school in Suryun 수륜. After passing Suryun and riding along the road toward Goryeong 고령, he turned right and went through a village. After a while, he climbed a short but fairly steep hill and then rode down the slope heading toward Baekri 백리, a secluded mountain basin village that he passed through while going from Suryun to Deokgok 덕곡. Since the route from Deokgok to the starting point in Unsu was flat, he pedaled comfortably.

the deepening autumn

As November arrives, the temperature drops sharply, and people’s clothing gets thicker. It’s a bit chilly, but it’s the perfect season to ride a bicycle comfortably without breaking a sweat. The crisp air feels refreshing, and the cool breeze makes pedaling pleasant rather than tiring. 

Last Sunday, padyatri rode his bicycle along the streams and riverside paths in the northern area of Daegu 대구, making a full round trip. On the way, he passed through a rural village where the villagers were finishing up the harvest. Continuing on, leaving the countryside behind, he entered the city. To shorten the return time, he entered the bike path along the stream running through central Taejeon-dong 태전동 area. A new bike path had been built along the stream, with a monorail running above it. 

the Buddha's path

A very significant insight that Padyatri recently gained about Buddhism is the legendary anecdote in which the Buddha transmitted his enlightenment to Mahākāśyapa 마하가섭 by holding up a flower, and Mahākāśyapa smiled—a story that was actually a later invention in China. Furthermore, realizing that the Buddha’s original teachings, Chinese Buddhism, and Seon (Zen) Buddhism 선불교 are not the same, Padyatri had to reconsider Buddhism from a new perspective and in a new way.

견성성불 見性成佛 expresses the core idea of Seon Buddhism: enlightenment is attained by seeing one’s own true nature and becoming a Buddha. However, it is also a statement that significantly distorts the teachings of Buddhism. In fact, the Buddha realized anatta(non-self) and did not recognize any kind of inherent substance or existence.

As Buddhism was transmitted to China and became indigenized, it absorbed Daoist and Laozi thought, giving rise to Seon Buddhism. It was a process in which the logical and analytical Buddhism transformed into the intuitive and non-logical Seon Buddhism. 

It is almost impossible to attain enlightenment through Seon Buddhism. This is proven by the fact that since Seon Buddhism was introduced to the Korean Peninsula around the 4th century, very few have truly attained enlightenment. Therefore, in modern times, since Korean monks cannot find answers within Korean Seon Buddhism, they often travel to Theravada Buddhist countries such as Myanmar, Thailand, and Sri Lanka to seek the path.

A well-known Seon dialogue can be cited as an example of the limitations and problems of Seon Buddhism. Such lofty, abstract stories, heavily colored by Chinese Buddhist influence, are not the way the Buddha kindly taught the truth to his disciples.

A monk asked Zhaozhou 조주,                                                                           “What is the meaning of the Patriarch’s coming from the West?”

Zhaozhou 조주 replied,                                                                           
“The cypress tree in the front yard.”

The Buddha's enlightenment is based on the doctrine of dependent origination 연기법(pratītyasamutpāda), which is expressed through the Four Noble Truths 사성제, and the Noble Eightfold Path 팔정도. The precise map leading to that path is also Dependent Origination, the Four Noble Truths, and the Noble Eightfold Path.

Even if one has not yet attained enlightenment, the very fact that enlightenment exists and that the Buddha presented the path to it with utmost clarity shows that it is neither unrealistic nor fanciful. Therefore, by following that path, we can have confidence and hope that we will eventually attain enlightenment.

On the other hand, we cannot overlook an important reason why the Buddha’s teachings and Chinese Buddhism can appear different.

When classical Chinese texts written approximately 1,500 years ago were translated into other languages, translation errors could have occurred, and examples of this can be found in Korean translations. One reason is that Chinese characters, which originated as pictographs, have undergone semantic changes over time. Therefore, in translation, one must restore the original meaning; if one translates according to the later, modern meaning, the original intent can easily be distorted.

One of the translation errors found in Mahāyāna scriptures is 견성성불 見性成佛. Among these words, 견성 見性 is often rendered as “seeing one’s true nature,” but this implies a self that does the seeing. Yet the Buddha taught non-self(anattā) and never spoke of an inherent “nature.” Moreover, 견 見 means “to be seen,” a passive sense; the verb for actively seeing is 시 視. Thus, the phrase 견성성불 implies that realizing the absence of any fixed nature is what allows one to become a Buddha.

Accurately identifying the ancient meanings of Chinese characters and correctly interpreting the writings of the Seon masters is a tough task; however, it is a challenge and responsibility entrusted to people of the present day.

20 years later

As autumn arrived, a padyatri visited Jeokcheonsa 적천사, an ancient Buddhist temple located 4 kilometers south of Cheongdo 청도, for the first time in 20 years. It is said that this temple was founded around 1,600 years ago during the Silla period by a Buddhist layman 거사, and over time, it grew in scale. Around the year 1100, during the Goryeo 고려 dynasty, approximately 500 monks practiced here, and many renowned Zen masters emerged from this place.

At the entrance of the temple stand two famous ginkgo trees that greet visitors. They are estimated to be around 800 years old, and in late autumn, they turn a brilliant yellow, transforming into a spectacular sight. These trees have been designated and preserved as national monuments. According to legend, they grew from the staff that a monk named Jinul 지눌 planted while rebuilding and repairing the old structures of Jeokcheonsa in 1175 during the Goryeo dynasty. He was a venerable monk of the Goryeo period who played a decisive role in establishing Korean Seon Buddhism. It was the end of October, but autumn had come late to this mountain. On the day a padyatri went, the ginkgo leaves still had a greenish hue rather than the typical golden yellow of autumn.       

  

Jeokcheonsa is located halfway up the mountain, so you can either drive there or park in the village at the foot of the mountain and walk up. A padyatri walked up, and it seemed that many more houses had been built throughout the valley compared to the past.

as autumn returns once more

Drove to Daehap 대합 township, a typical country village in Gyeongnam 경남 province and started from the township office. Each day of October’s autumn feels more and more precious. The mountain pass between Daehap and Goam 고암 had a steep uphill section, which was a bit tough, but it was an enjoyable day during the Chuseok 추석 holiday.

Took a short break at the top of the mountain pass between Daehap and Goam areas. The long downhill beyond the hill was enough to cool off a cyclist's  sweat. The photo on the right shows the downhill road leading to Goam after crossing the mountain pass and the rural scenery.

Rode over once again the long mountain pass from Goam to the Seongsan 성산 area and headed east toward the Dalchang 달창 Reservoir. The road runs right next to the reservoir, allowing you to enjoy the scenery. You can keep going straight along the road, then descend the downhill near the reservoir embankment and turn left, which will take you onto a path that runs just below the embankment. You can also see the Dalchang reservoir embankment in the distance. 

stone steps

At the end of the year, these photos remind padyatri of his school days. The stone steps lead to the main entrance of the College of Pharmacy, evoking mixed feelings for him.

After graduating from high school, he decided to pursue studies to become a pharmacist. However, after entering college, it did not take long for him to realize that studying pharmacy was a significant challenge. Subjects like chemistry and biology felt like steep summits to climb. In truth, pharmacy did not align with his natural aptitudes or interests.

Moreover, the College of Pharmacy had a stringent grading system: students were required to achieve a certain number of credits each year to avoid repeating the year. During this period, he often contemplated quitting college. Nevertheless, he resolved to persevere, believing that since he had already enrolled, he should at least see it through to graduation.

Every day was a struggle until the day he finally graduated. For him, graduation felt like a true liberation. He chose not to attend the formal graduation ceremony. Instead, he celebrated his newfound freedom by climbing a mountain—a fitting way to mark the end of his arduous journey. 

Graduation also meant a new beginning.

an aspect of life

He has never been that sick before, but the other day, padyatri had to accept that sickness is part of life. Unexpectedly, he experienced acute prostatitis last weekend. The onset of symptoms feels similar to the body aches of a common cold, but it quickly develops into urinary problems, such as painful urination or even a feeling of being stuck in the urinary tract. 

He couldn’t sleep all night due to a burning sensation, pain during urination, and frequent urges to urinate. Early the next morning, he went to see a urologist nearby. Urinalysis and urinary ultraography were performed. The urinalysis indicates a severe prostate infection, while the ultrasound reveals that the prostate is enlarged to twice its normal size. He received an antibiotic injection, and oral medication was prescribed twice daily for three days. Blood was taken for further tests. 

The medication was really effective and slowly relieved the pain and discomfort when urinating; however, blood in the urine started to be found at the beginning of the medication. It was not clear whether that was due to a side effect of quinolone antibiotics or one of the symptoms of acute prostatitis. The doctor asked the patient to continue taking the prescribed medication. 

Two days after taking the medicine, the blood in his urine started to disappear. Blood tests revealed a PSA(prostate-specific antigen) level of 14, whereas the normal level is below 4. The urologist said that the level indicates a high risk of prostate cancer, but the severe prostate infection might affect the level. Next week, a blood sample will be taken for another PSA test.

The photo was taken in November 1997, with Kalinchowk in the background, near Dolakha bazar in the eastern-central region of Nepal. Kalinchowk has undergone significant changes since its development as both a tourist destination and a place of worship. A new village just below Kalinchow was built for tourists and Hindu pilgrims and a cable car has been newly installed to make it easier to reach the summit. Kalinchowk is no longer the pristine haven it used to be.

dusty road

It turned out that the countryside around Goryeong 고령 and Seongju 성주 districts, on the western border of Daegu, had already finished harvesting. The road and the path along the rice fields were very dusty due to the dirt left behind by agricultural vehicles during the harvesting season. Inhaled a lot of dust whenever cars passed by and stirred it up, which caused a cyclist to develop a sore throat. 

Managed to continue along the route to the west and crossed a pass between the two villages of Gotan 고탄 and Palsan 팔산 in Goryeong district. Paused for a moment to take a break around the office of Unsu 운수 township after zigzagging down from the pass, and a square in front of the office can be also seen. Enjoyed autumnal sidewalk scene on the way home. 

autumn downtown

Biked through the southern part of downtown for the first time in a long time and circled the city counterclockwise. It was cloudy all day, but it was a perfect day for biking! All the leaves on the trees turned red and yellow. 

Shincheon 신천 stream flows through the city from south to north and joins Geumho 금호 river at the end. There are two paths along the stream, one for the bikers and the other for the pedestrians. The route looped back through Dasa 다사 district, the northwestern part of Daegu 대구. On the way back, rushed along the cycling path around Dasa, looking at the apartment complex in the distance.

rushed through reeds

Indoor activities were limited during the pandemic, leading to a surge in the cycling population in Korea. The bicycle industry and market experienced a huge boom. Bike shops couldn’t keep up with demand. But the pandermic and the boom were over. The demand for new bicycles has fallen dramatically, and the number of cyclists is also said to have declined. In Korea, some bike shops have managed to adapt and are struggling to survive, while others may need to close for good. 

These days, the bike path along the river doesn't see as many cyclists as it used to, even though it is the peak of the cycling season. Headed to Waeghan 왜관 for the first time in a long while. The cool fall breeze took away all the sweat, turning the reeds along the riverbank brown. Took a rest for a while under an abandoned railway track near Waeghan. Samunjin 사문진 bridge over the Nakdong 낙동 river with a view of a river cruise. A triathlon on a national level took place in the vicinity of the bridge over the weekend.

on the path

Autumn brings fascinating weather. Cycled along the riverside path as autumn set in, and the leaves turned shades of yellow and red. 

Headed toward Seongju 성주 bridge, facing the Nakdong 낙동 river. The path was quiet, with little activity around. The photo below left was taken on the way to Samunjin 사문진 bridge, every once in a while, you might come across a biker. The photo below right shows the way down, approaching the path along the banks of the Nakdong 낙동 river. In the distance, a mountain range connecting Mt. Ap 앞산 and Mt. Biseul 비슬산 can be seen.

autumn countryside

Cycled through the countryside of the three districts-Gyeongju 경주, Cheongdo 청도, and Yeongcheon 영천-passing through fields and mountains. It has been almost a year since Jaeho was last here to ride. 

It was a typical sunny autumn day. As the morning sunlight emerged, the fog over the mountains gradually lifted, but the distant view remained unclear. From the district of Ahwa 아화, approached the uphill segment in order to cross Suk-jae 숙재 pass(485 m).

Had to cross through the ridge passage to the south along the route. The uphill climb to the Suk-jae pass is about 4 km long and has 9 hairpin bends. The photo on the right dipicts the final bend. The downhill segment, heading south from the pass, spans about 17 km and has little traffic, offering a peaceful landscape. Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, camping has also been booming in Korea. Camping and auto-camping sites are often found along valleys.

After reaching the main road connecting Gyeongju and Cheongdo, turned right and rode for about 5 km, then turned right off the main road and pedaled uphill, heading north to cross Oh-jae 오재(380 m) pass. The two passes of Suk-jae and Oh-jae share the same ridge. Took a break at the pass. A memorial stone for an independence fighter stands here at the rest area. On the way back, passed through the town of Geoncheon 건천, the starting place. As autumn deepens, the harvest in the paddy fields is starting.